Asthma
Asthma is a chronic condition in which the airways become inflamed and narrowed, causing episodes of breathing difficulty.
About asthma
Asthma is a chronic condition in which the airways become inflamed and narrowed, causing episodes of breathing difficulty.
What can cause it?
Asthma involves chronic airway inflammation and episodes of tightening and mucus production.
Triggers may include viral illness, allergens, smoke, exercise, cold air, pollution, work exposures, and strong emotions.
What a patient may notice
Symptoms vary from person to person. Possible signs may include:
- Wheezing
- Cough, especially at night or with activity
- Chest tightness or shortness of breath
How clinicians find the cause
Diagnosis uses the symptom pattern, examination, and lung-function testing such as spirometry before and after a bronchodilator. Peak-flow monitoring, allergy testing, or challenge testing may be used in selected patients.
Treatment and next steps
- 1
A quick-relief inhaler treats sudden symptoms; many patients also need a daily controller medicine to reduce inflammation and attacks.
- 2
Treatment is adjusted according to symptoms, nighttime waking, activity limits, flare-ups, and lung function.
- 3
Inhaler technique and a written asthma action plan are essential.
Supporting recovery
- Follow the action plan and use medicines exactly as prescribed.
- Use a spacer when recommended and review inhaler technique at visits.
- Track symptoms, rescue-inhaler use, and peak flow if directed.
What to expect
Asthma is a long-term condition, but most people can remain active and lead normal lives with appropriate treatment and self-care. Symptoms may improve or worsen over time, so the action plan and medicines should be reviewed regularly. Poorly controlled asthma increases the risk of a severe attack and lasting changes in lung function.
Possible complications
- A severe asthma attack that requires emergency care, hospitalization, or breathing support
- Sleep loss and reduced ability to exercise, work, or complete daily activities
- Persistent symptoms or lasting changes in lung function when asthma remains poorly controlled
When to Contact a Medical Professional
Arrange an evaluation when symptoms are new, worsening, interfering with normal activities, or not improving as expected.
Call 911 for severe trouble breathing, difficulty speaking, blue or gray lips, confusion, or symptoms not responding to a prescribed rescue inhaler.Get emergency help for severe trouble breathing, new chest pressure, fainting, seizure, sudden weakness on one side, uncontrolled bleeding, blue or gray lips, or a person who is difficult to wake.
Ways to lower risk
- Avoid tobacco and vaping exposure and reduce confirmed triggers.
- Stay current with recommended respiratory vaccinations.
- Do not stop controller medicine when feeling well unless the prescriber changes the plan.
Trusted health information
This CHS patient-education page uses original wording and links to MedlinePlus for additional information.